Running Induction Motors on frequencies other than their Design Frequency.

Induction motors use an iron core and require flux in the iron to
operate. In order to achieve the commercial goals of smallest size and
lowest price at best efficiency, induction motors are designed to
operate at a high level of flux in the iron. The flux is determined by
the turns, voltage and frequency. In a modern motor, if the flux is
increased by a small amount, the iron losses increase and the iron
tends towards saturation. At saturation, the inductance begins to fall
and the current increases further. To reduce the flux at a given
voltage and frequency, the turns on the stator are increased. This
reduces the Iron loss, but a longer length of thinner wire is used and
the copper loss increases. Design becomes a balancing act between
copper loss and iron loss and so the design is optimised for a given
voltage and frequency.

If the voltage applied to the motor is held constant
and the frequency is increased, the inductive reactance increases and
so the flux reduces. This effectively reduces the maximum torque
capacity of the motor and so the motor power rating at the higher
frequency remains the same.

If the voltage
applied to the motor is held constant and the frequency is reduced, the
current will increase and in theory, the torque will also increase. The
motor should be able to deliver the same power also, BUT the flux in
the iron is now too high resulting in excessive iron loss, and the
motor will fail prematurely. Above a very low frequency, (5 – 10Hz) the
impedance of the magentising circuit of the motor is primarily
inductive and so in order to keep the flux within limits, it is
important to keep a linear V/F ratio (Voltage to Frequency ratio). If
the frequency is reduced by 10%, the voltage must also be reduced by
10%. Because the flux in the iron remains the same, the torque capacity
remains the same and so the power rating of the motor also drops by 10%.

60Hz rated motor on 50Hz

Provided the voltage is dropped by the same proportion as the frequency, it is OK to run a 60Hz motor on 50Hz. The speed will be reduced by the reduction in frequency and the power capacity will also reduce by the ratio of the reduction in frequency.

60 Hz	50 Hz
Line Voltage	Line Voltage
480	400
460	383
440	367
230	191

 

50Hz rated motor on 60Hz

Provided the voltage is increased by the same proportion as the frequency, it is OK to run a 50Hz motor on 60Hz. The speed will be increased by the increase in frequency and the power capacity will also increase by the ratio of the increase in frequency.

50 Hz	60 Hz
Line Voltage	Line Voltage
415	498
400	480
380	456
230	276

Process automation protocols

• FOUNDATION fieldbus

• Profibus – by PROFIBUS International.

• PROFINET IO

• CIP (Common Industrial Protocol) – Can be treated as application layer common to DeviceNet, CompoNet, ControlNet and EtherNet/IP

• Controller Area Network utilised in many network implementations, including CANopen and DeviceNet

• ControlNet – an implementation of CIP, originally by Allen-Bradley

• DeviceNet – an implementation of CIP, originally by Allen-Bradley

• EtherNet/IP – IP stands for “Industrial Protocol”. An implementation of CIP, originally created by Rockwell Automation

• EtherCAT

• Interbus, Phoenix Contact’s protocol for communication over serial links, now part of PROFINET IO

• HART Protocol

• Modbus RTU or ASCII

• Modbus-NET – Modbus for Networks

• Modbus/TCP

• Modbus Plus

• EGD (Ethernet Global Data) – GE Fanuc PLCs (see also SRTP)

• FINS, Omron’s protocol for communication over several networks, including ethernet.

• Host Link, Omron’s protocol for communication over serial links.

• Mechatrolink – open protocol originally developed by Yaskawa.

• MelsecNet/10, supported by Mitsubishi Electric.

• Optomux – Serial (RS-422/485) network protocol originally developed by Opto 22 in 1982. The protocol was openly documented and over time used for industrial automation applications.

• SERCOS interface, Open Protocol for hard real-time control of motion and I/O

• GE SRTP – GE Fanuc PLCs

• Sinec H1 – Siemens

• SynqNet – Danaher

• TTEthernet – TTTech

• PieP – An Open Fieldbus Protocol

• BSAP – Bristol Standard Asynchronous Protocol, developed by Bristol Babcock Inc.

Source: wikipedia.org

Software to know Electric Cable size

This program does electrical cable sizing, based on the most basic electrical laws.

If you are planning to do cable sizing for a real installation, check the results and make sure that you comply with all electrical regulations.

 

Theory

From Ohms law, the voltage drop in an electrical conductor is

V = I R

where

  I = Current, amps

  R = Resistance, Ohms

 

The electrical resistance can be derived from the properties of the conductor material.

R = ρ L / A

where

  ρ = Resistivity, Ω mm² /m

  L = Length, m

  A = Cross sectional area, mm²

Watch the units in the above equation.

 

The resistance can also be expressed in terms of the material conductivity (ψ) which is just the reciprocal of the resistivity.

R = L / (ψ A)

 

Table 1.  Typical material electrical conductivity

Material	Conductivity, ψ
Copper	58
Aluminium	36
Mild Steel	7.7

 

Combining Ohms law with the resistance expression, we get.

V = (I L) / (ψ A)

 

Now, we can define an acceptable voltage drop in a conductor.  I have calculated the voltage drop that was used in several published tables and get around 5.5 Volts.

We could therefore re-arrange this equation to give the cable size.  But cables come in standard sizes measured in mm².  In addition, you also need to consider the maximum current for each cable size.

 

Table 2. Conductor sizes and maximum currents

Cable Size, mm2	1.5	2.5	4	6	10	16	25	35	50	70	95	120	150	185	240	300
Maximum current, A	13	21	28	36	46	61	81	99	125	160	195	220	250	285	340	395

So, the theory is relatively simple, let us now see how to use the program.

 

Using the Program

Enter the following and the program calculates line current and cable area.

1. Conductor material.  Select from list.
2. Load Type.  Resistive for electrical heating or inductive for motors.
3. Phase.  Single or Three phase
4. Power.  Use the motor button for a quick lookup.
5. Cable Length in meter.

 

The normal voltage drop is based on 5.5 Volts.  You can edit this value if necessary by pressing the [Settings] button.

Right-Click anywhere on the form to activate the context menu. This will allow you to activate any of the program functions and run other TechniSolve program tools that you may have installed.

 

Program Limits

Electrical heating loads up to 84 kW

Single phase motors up to 5.5 kW

Three phase motors up to 110 kW

How can you set the time of an S7-300 via Industrial Ethernet?

Instructions:Generally you have two options for this. You can do this either with a CP343-1 IT or a different CP (e.g.: CP343-1) and use S7 communication or UDP communication. 

1. Here you should always use a CP343-1 IT (6GK7343-1GX20-0XE0) as communications processor, because it sets the time of the CPU via the SIMATIC procedure or via the NTP (Network Time Protocol).  
2. If you don’t have a CP343-1 IT (6GK7343-1GX20-0XE0), then proceed as described below:
   You need an S7-400 (time synchronized, e.g. via SICLOCK) which as time master provides the time to S7-300 via relevant block calls, e.g. PUT (S7 communication PUT, see point A) or AG_LSEND/AG_LRECV (UDP communication, see point B).

Configuration with SICLOCK as time master.

Fig. 01

1. Example for setting the time in an S7-300 with S7 communication

No.	Procedure
1	First configure a data block with the structure “DATE_TIME” for reading the CPU basic time in the S7-400. Fig. 02
2	Read out the basic time of the CPU using SFC1 (“READ_CLK”). Fig. 03 shows the function call with SFC1 “READ_CLK” Fig. 03
3	Transfer the time into a target area of the S7-300 using the S7 function call “PUT”. A sample program for S7 communication is available in Entry ID: 1819293.
4	Set the time in the S7-300 with the values transferred. Fig. 04 shows the function call SFC0 “SET_CLK”. Fig. 04

2. Example for setting the time in an S7-300 with UDP communication

No.	Procedure
1	Read out the CPU basic time in the S7-300 (as described under A).
2	Configure a connection for the UDP communication. Configuration instructions for UDP connections are available in Entry ID: 19065614.
3	In the S7-300 you program the block AG-LRECV (FC60). For S7-400 the block AG_LSEND (FC50). A detailed sample program is available in Entry ID: 18513371.
4	Set the time in the S7-300 with the values transferred (as described under A).

Note:
The NTP procedure (network time protocol)  is also supported by the CPU’s integrated interfaces and the distribution for Send/Receive can be implemented with the integrated interfaces and also with every other Industrial Ethernet CP.

How can you synchronize CPU clocks with each other?

Instructions:
If multiple CPUs are linked with each other in a subnetwork, you parameterize the clock of one CPU as the master clock. When parameterizing the CPU you also specify the synchronization interval after which all the clocks in the subnetwork are automatically synchronized with the master clock. You call system function SFC48 “SNC_RTCB” in the CPU with the master CPU. The call synchronizes all the clocks in the subnetwork regardless of the automatic synchronization. If you set a master clock with SFC0 “SET_CLK”, all the other clocks in the subnetwork are automatically synchronized with that value.
 

No.	Description
1	Open the Hardware Configuration in the CPU that you wish to parameterize as master CPU and open the Properties of that CPU.
2	In the Properties of the CPU you select the “Diagnostics/Clock” tab and set the type of Synchronization Mode and Time Interval as shown in Fig. 01. Then save with OK. Fig. 01
3	Then save and compile the hardware configuration with “File > Save and Compile”. Note: Repeat Steps 1 to 3 for all other CPU modules to be synchronized. However, for these groups you must set the type of synchronization to “As Slave”.
4	Then open the dialog “Open Project” with “File > Open …” and select the “Libraries” tab. As shown in Fig. 02 mark “Standard Library” with the cursor and then click the OK button. Fig. 02
5	The Standard Library is now loaded into the SIMATIC Manager. Under “System Function Blocks” (Fig. 03) you will find the system functions. Copy system functions SFC0 and SFC48 by drag-and-drop to the block folder of your master CPU. Fig. 03
6	How to set the date and time using system function SFC0 is described in the FAQ with Entry-ID 21222026. More information on parameterizing SFC0 and SFC48 is also available in the Online Help of STEP 7 (F1 key). After loading both system functions into the CPU (master clock) all the other clocks in this subnetwork are automatically synchronized.

Entry ID:24658964

Date:2009-03-11

SCADA File Reference

Below is some of files for PLC, If you want download. Please Right Click on Link and Click SAVE Link As…

•   21 Steps to Improve Cyber Security of SCADA Networks
•   SCADA Systems
•   IBM Internet Security Systems solutions for SCADA security
•   SCADA Protocols SCADA Protocols
•   Who is looking for your SCADA infrastructure?
•   SCADA Security Scientific Symposium 2008 January 23 – 24 in Miami …
•   Key Management for SCADA
•   Microsoft PowerPoint – NSTB Fact Sheet 10-31-07.ppt
•   Cyber Assessment Methods for SCADA Security
•   Improving Security for SCADA Control Systems
•   HUGHES SCADA Solutions
•   SCADA Security and Terrorism: We’re not crying wolf.
•   SCADA/EMS Test Bed
•   Multithreading, Multicasting, Multichallenging – GIS-SCADA …
•   SCADA Honeynet
•   Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems
•   Guide to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and …
•   Architecture for Secure SCADA and Distributed Control System …
•   Best Security Practices for SCADA Systems Utilizing the ISO 17799 …
•   SCADA systems for measuring and managing water
•   SCADA Systems Application Brief
•   DEMONSTRATION OF SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA …
•   Sustainable Security for Infrastructure SCADA
•   A Testbed for Secure and Robust SCADA Systems
•   Oil and Gas SCADA Solutions with the InFusion ECS
•   Enterprise Security Consulting: SCADA Security Services
•   SCADA, AMR, AMI
•   LESSONS LEARNED FROM CYBER SECURITY ASSESSMENTS OF SCADA AND …
•   Company intranet access to SCADA information – Electric Power …
•   Motorola Enhanced SCADA Solutions
•   SF 1075-SUR
•   Parris Island Wastewater Treatment Plant SCADA Upgrades Final Report
•   JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC AUTHORITY – SCADA SYSTEM CASE STUDY
•   SCADA Data Gateway
•   SCADA DESIGN & INTEGRATION SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MGT.
•   CITECT SCADA SYSTEMS ENGINEER £25-30 p/h 3-6 Months Contract West …
•   SCADA: issues, vulnerabilities, and future directions
•   Illinois Co-oop Squeezes Both SCADA and AMR Onto a Single …
•   ABB SCADA/EMS System INEEL Baseline Summary Test Report
•   Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Cyber Security

Selingan: Penemu Senjata Mesin Paling Mengerikan Didunia !

Dalam dunia militer, senapan mesin Galling Gun dianggap sebagai pelopor senapan mesin pertama di dunia. Keganasan senjata pembunuh ini telah teruji pada saat perang saudara Amerika pada abad ke-18. Uniknya, orang yang menciptakan senjata mematikan ini bukan dari kalangan ilmuwan atau saintis, tetapi seorang dokter gigi yang bernama Richard Jordan Galling.

Richard lahir 12 September 1818 di Hertford County, sebelah utara Carolina, AS. Ia dibesarkan dalam lingkungan keluarga petani dan inovator. Selain ahli di bidang pertanian, ayahnya juga termasuk orang yang kreatif dalam bidang penemuan.
Dalam kehidupannya, Richard termasuk orang yang beruntung pada masa itu, Orang tuanya memiliki status ekonomi yang cukup mapan dan menikmati pendidikan inlelektual di bangku sekolah. Bahkan sebelum lulus kuliah, ia berhasil menciptakan sekrup untuk baling-baling yang digunakan unluk kapal uap.
Pada 1850, ia berhasil mendapatkan titel setelah lulus dari universitas kedokleran Ohio, sebagai dokler gigi. Meski demikian, ia tidak tertarik untuk mengamalkan ilmunya. Minat di bidang penemuan begitu kuat sehingga memotivasinya untuk terus menciptakan penemuan baru. Tekad yang kuat itu berbuah manis. Dari tangan kreatifnya pun banyak menghasilkan penemuan yang lebih kepada kepentingan publik. Salah satunya alat pembersih bulu domba menggunakan uap.

Menciptakan Catling Gun

Pada tahun 1861, perang sipil di Amerika Serikat pecah. Perang saudara ini melibatkan sekelompok warga dari negara bagian yang ingin memisahkan diri dari negara AS. Perang yang menimbulkan banyak korban menarik perhatian Richard untuk menciptakan sesuatu. Ia begitu prihatin setiap harinya para prajurit berangkat ke garis depan peperangan hanya unluk kemudian kembali dengan kondisi cacat, sakit, atau mati.

Lalu, Richard berinisiatif untuk menciptakan suatu benda yang dapat “meringankan” penderitaan perang atau bahkan mengakhiri perang itu sendiri. Richard berpikir bahwa banyaknya prajurit yang terluka alau mati di medan perang dapat dikurangi jika ia berhasil membuat suatu “alat pembunuh” yang lebih efektif.

Ia kemudian menggambarkan hasij rancangannya, namun hasil rancangannya ini baru ia patenkan pada 9 Mei 1865. Setelah melakukan beberapa kali percobaan, pada 1861, ia berhasil menciptakan senjata yang diberi nama Gatling Gun yang berarti senjala mesin beral yang memiliki beberapa barel berputar dan diputar oleh putaran tangan. Bentuk dan ukurannya hampir sebesar meriam kanon dan biasanya menggunakan roda untuk memudahkan pengangkutan senjata ini. Senjata ini dapat menembakkan 200 peluru per menit.Senjala tersebut harus dapat dioperasikan oleh beberapa orang saja, namun efektivitasnya sama dengan ratusan prajurit dengan senjata biasa. Ia berharap pada akhirnya jumlah prajurit yang maju ke medan perang dapat dikurangi. Dengan senjata barunya yang dahsyat itu, Richard juga berharap agar berbagai pihak yang bertikai menjadi sadar akan buasnya peperangan sehingga terdorong untuk mengambil jalan perdamaian.

Untuk menjual senjata secara resmi, pada 1862. ia mendirikan perusahaan The Galling Gun di Indianapolis, Indiana. Meskipun demikian, usahanya ini tidak menarik minat pemerintah AS. Bahkan, pemerintah AS secara tegas menolak untuk membeli senjala ini. Sebab, senjata yang bisa membunuh banyak orang tidak praktis dalam hal mekanisme penembakan disebabkan tidak memiliki pelatuk. Selain itu, senjata buatan Richard terlalu berat untuk disiapkan secara cepat dalam medan tempur. Bahkan dengan peningkatan rancangan, senapan Galling tetap tidak memiliki pelatuk dan memiliki berat 41 kg.

Meskipun begitu, seorang jendral Unionis Benjamin Butler tertarik untuk menggunakan senjata mesin. Ia pun memerintahkan anak buahnya untuk membeli dua belas dan menggunakannya dalam Pengepungan Petersburg. Pada saat debut senapan ini, para prajurit dari kedua belah pihak terkejut oleh kekuatan dan daya rusak senjata ini. Senjata ini kemudian digunakan secara terbatas oleh Angkatan Bersenjata Unionis pada saat akhir perang.

Kian canggih

Karya Richard ini melampaui zamannya. Senjata model Galling Gun yang dide- sain pertama kali tahun 1861 semakin canggih. Pada pertengaban abad ke-20, senjata mesin mini model Galling yang lebih canggih yang dipakai tentara Amerika Serikat di Perang Vietnam. Kemudian senjata Galling Gun diadaptasi oleh helikopter jenis UH-1 Huey.

Senjata ini mencapai kematangan sebagai sistem persenjataan semasa peperangan di Vietnam. Galling Gun memberikan kadar tembakan melebihi 6.000 tembakan peluru per menit (rounds per minute). Istilah senapan Galling masih sering digunakan sekarang ini untuk menunjuk kepada meriam dengan barel berputar seperti meriam auto M61 Vulcan 20 mm.
Pada tanggal 26 Februari 1903, Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling meninggal di rumah adik perempuannya. Ia meninggal karena usianya yang sudah tua. Di sebagian besar literatur, senjata yang dirancang Richard ini merupakan salah satu senjata mengerikan yang ditakuti pada masanya.

Configuring MSDE 2000 SP3 for Historical Alarms and Events in InTouch® 7.11 and Later

Introduction

InTouch 7.11 and later require an instance of Microsoft® SQL Server™ to record historical alarms and events using the Alarm DB Logger utility. Once the Alarm DB Logger Manager has been configured to connect with a valid instance of SQL Server, alarms and events will be written to the WWALMDB database. InTouch 7.11 and later can then use the AlarmDBViewer ActiveX control to view these historical alarms from within an application.

Which version of Microsoft SQL Server you should install depends on your operating system. Any valid instance available on the LAN will work, but in general, for standalone InTouch systems you will want to install the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine with Service Pack 3 (MSDE SP3).

Operating System	Valid SQL Server 2000 Version
Windows 2000 Professional Service Pack 3	MSDE SP3 or SQL Server 2000 Personal Edition SP3
Windows XP Professional Service Pack 1	MSDE SP3 or SQL Server 2000 Personal Edition SP3
Windows 2000 Server or Advanced Server Service Pack 3	MSDE SP3 or SQL Server 2000 Standard Edition SP3

The InTouch 7.11 and 8.0 (no SP) installation CDs have a version of MSDE 2000 (no SP). When installing InTouch 7.11 or InTouch 8.0 (no SP), the setup will offer to install MSDE if an existing SQL Server or MSDE instance is not detected on the local machine.

However, beginning with InTouch 8.0 SP1, the setup for MSDE 2000 is not included on the InTouch installation CD. Instead, it is included on the FactorySuiteA²™ Prerequisite CD version 1.1.

The Prerequisite CD also has a fix to protect against the Slammer Virus which should be applied to MSDE/MSSQL 2000 SP2 and prior. It is located at:

[CD-Drive]:\mssql2000\slammer\click-n-patch\English\SQLCritUpdWiz_ENU.msi

The Slammer Virus fix does not need to be applied to MSDE/MSSQL 2000 SP3 or later.

Note: For more information on what is included in the SQL Server Service Packs see the Microsoft Support Web site.

This Tech Note explains various upgrade scenarios. For more information about installing or upgrading MSDE please choose the appropriate link:

• How to Tell What Version of MSDE is Installed
• To Install a New Instance of MSDE SP3
• To Upgrade an Existing Instance of MSDE to Service Pack 3

How to Tell What Version of MSDE is Installed

1. From the Control Panel, select Add/Remove Programs.

   If MSDE is installed, you should see it listed in the Currently installed programs pane (Figure 1, below):

   
   Figure 1: Add/Remove Programs

2. If you click on the support information link, the following dialog box should appear (Figure 2, below):

   
   Figure 2: Support Info Dialog Box

The following table lists the MSDE version number:

Release	MSDE Version
MSDE RTM (no SP)	8.00.194
MSDE SP1	8.00.384
MSDE SP2	8.00.534
MSDE SP3	8.00.760

To Extract the Setup Files for MSDE SP3

1. Run SQL2KDeskSP3.exe. It is located on the FactorySuite A² Prerequisite CD version 1.1:

   [CD-Drive]:\MSSQL2000\MSDE SP3\SQL2KDeskSP3.exe

2. Specify a local directory for the MSDE SP3 setup files. The default location is: C:\sql2ksp3.

   You will now have:C:\sql2ksp3\msde.

To Install a New Instance of MSDE SP3

DO NOT run the setup.exe executable located in the setup folder. Instead:

1. Enter the following in the Start/Run command-line:

   C:\sql2ksp3\Msde\setup.exe securitymode=sql sapwd=mysqlpassword

   where mysqlpassword is a password of your choosing. Be sure to record this password in a secure place for future reference.

2. Skip to the section After Installing MSDE SP3

To Upgrade an Existing MSDE Instance to SP3

1. Start the MSSQLServer Service (if it is not already started). Figure 3 shows the MSSQLSERVER service in the Services window:

   
   Figure 3: Start MSSQLSERVER Service

   You must change the sa password so it is not blank. This can be done from the command prompt (Figure 4 below).

2. Enter:

   osql -E (use a capital E)

3. Enter the following on separate lines:

   sp_password @old=null, @new=’mysqlpassword’, @loginame=’sa’

   go

   (Where ‘mysqlpassword’ is a password of your choice.Remember to make note of this password!)

   You will receive the message Password changed.

   
   Figure 4: Command Prompt Entries

4. Type exit and press the Enter key to quit osql.
5. Enter the following at the command-prompt:

   c:\sql2ksp3\msde\setup /upgradesp sqlrun securitymode=sql upgradeuser=’sa’ upgradepwd=’mysqlpassword’

   Be sure to change mysqlpassword to the password that you created in Step 3.

   
   Figure 5: Desktop Engine Configuration Dialog Box

After Installing MSDE SP3

Change the security authentication to mixed mode (i.e. SQL Server and Windows authentication). This is a requirement for connectivity to the WWALMDB.

1. Restart your machine.

2. Run Regedit or Regedt32.
3. Expand the key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer\MSSQLServer.
4. Change the LoginMode value to 2.

Confirm MSSQL2000/MSDE SP3 Was Successfully Applied

1. Start the MSSQLServer Service (if it isn’t already started).

2. From the Command Prompt, enter the following:

   osql -E

   OR

3. Connect to the MSDE from another query tool such as SQL Query Analyzer (from a remote SQL Server).
4. Execute the following query:

   select @@version

   go